GA3 does not report on the values of the ‘utm_id’ key. utm_id=17099389&utm_term=google+analytics+4&utm_content=top+banner Where can you find the value of the ‘utm_id’ key in GA3? We use ‘utm_id’ when uploading campaign data to GA3 or GA4 property. Its value should be a uniquely identified number like 17099389748. ‘utm_id’ key is used to send information related to the unique identification number of your campaign to Google Analytics (both GA3 and GA4). What is utm_id (Campaign ID) in Google Analytics? So its value should be something which denotes the traffic source (i.e. The ‘ utm_source ’ key is used to send information related to traffic sources to Google Analytics. Yes I want the ebook ‘Values’ of UTM parametersĪ value of a UTM parameter should depend upon the key being used. You can use any order you like.įor example, the following two URLs are the same as far as custom campaign tracking is concerned: Note: There is no particular order in which UTM parameters’ ‘keys’ should be used in a URL. So if you use ‘Utm_source’ instead of ‘utm_source’, Google Analytics won’t understand the key and your custom campaign tracking may not work. You need to strictly follow the format/syntax of how each key is spelled/written. So ‘utm_source’ is not the same as ‘Utm_source’ or ‘utm-source’, ‘utm_Source’ or ‘UTM_SOURCE’ or ‘utmsource’. ‘Keys’ of UTM parameters in Google Analyticsįollowing are the six keys of UTM Parameters in Universal Analytics (GA3):įollowing are the ten keys of UTM Parameters in GA4:Īll of these keys have got special meaning for Google Analytics and are case sensitive. Then ‘utm_medium’ is the key, and ‘paidSocial’ is the value.Ī website URL which contains UTM parameters is called a custom campaign.įollowing is an example of a custom campaign: Then ‘utm_source’ is the key, and ‘facebook’ is the value. UTM parameters (also known as campaign parameters, campaign variables, tags, variables or utm codes) are the parameters recognized by Google for sending detailed information about your marketing campaigns to Google Analytics.įollowing are the UTM parameters supported by Universal Analytics (GA3):įollowing are the UTM parameters supported by Google Analytics 4:Įach UTM parameter is made up of ‘key=value’ pair. Yes I want the ebook What are UTM parameters? Get this 70 page detailed checklist containing screenshots, step-by-step instructions and links to articles Do you want to set up Google Analytics 4 (GA4) fast and correctly? In order to track the performance of each individual Facebook ad campaign in Google Analytics, you would need to add various UTM parameters at the end of the destination URL of each Facebook ad: It won’t tell you which particular campaign, adset or ad copy that generated traffic and/or sales on your website.Īll you will see, by default in GA, is the traffic and sales from dozens of Facebook referrers. Without UTM tracking, Google Analytics will only tell you that you generated traffic and/or sales from Facebook.
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![]() You can switch to other account types but even at that, it’s 1 account only. The very first part to make note of is that Laplace M doesn’t give you any option to switch Google accounts in the game. So without further ado, let’s move on to our collection of Laplace M tips, cheats and strategies that will help you catching more guardians and increase your character’s survival rate! 1. However, if you missed them, you can still play just fine. Do note that the game started with Pre-Registration bonuses. So for you beginners to the game, here’s a collection of tips and strategies to help you out. And yes, you better believe you should put some serious thought into your character(s). You can still run the dungeons from “the dailies” with others for points too. Laplace M has an open world in which you can continue battling in. ZlongGames has managed to put together quite a mobile offering of the game and it’s packed with features! Even if you run out of “the dailies”, the fun certainly doesn’t stop there. That’s for now hope this guide help you unlock more BR in the game.Laplace M is the long-awaited mobile release of the PC MMORPG Laplace by X-Legend Entertainment. You’ll be receiving a Gladiator Ticket which allows you to challenge the Gladiator Ring and grants you Talisman Cards and other advanced cards. This is a short side quest, when you complete this task. We’re not sure what is this for, the map is still locked – this part will be updated once level 60 is available in the game. A total of 1,650,000 Silverstar you can collect from the treasures. You can use this to purchase in the Market or enhancing a card. Useful for enhancing a card you could get a total of 31,000 Map You can get Willpower Fruit, Endurance Fruit, Intellegence Fruit, Agility Fruit, and etc.)Find all of the fruits from the treasure to give more BR in your character. If you encounter a fruit that permanently boosts your characters attributes when consuming it, these are those fruits. ![]() Mapġ0 x Fr uits Permanent Boost (Spirit, Agility, Strength, Intelligence) ![]() This spots will give you random treasures, it could be Mana, Golden Mark or Silverstars. You can find a total of 42 Gold Chest Shard from the treasures. Use to create a Gold Chest by combining 10 x Gold Chest Shard. The side quest treasure in Laplace City gives you 1 Gladiator Ticket. This will unlock new side quest from your map. You can collect up to 44 Egg Net Fragment in these treasures. Total of 32 Golden Mark, collecting 25 of this shards will fuse into Level 1 Gold Card. It enters your character into Dimensional Space and explore even more possibilities in the world of Laplace M, in other words to see hidden things including treasures. Truesight Eye can be acquired when you reach level 13. Here are the list of all Truesight Eye treasures in the game. Most of these treasure are expensive when purchased with Spirals. On this guide, a compiled coordinates from HongKongFootPrint, you can find here all of the lists of treasures in Laplace M using the Truesight Eye. Playing Laplace M is a lot of fun, but did you know that there is a cheat list for all True Sight Eye treasure in the game? This game has been launch in China for almost a year now and there are lots of players already completed finding these treasure. ![]() PS: Apparently we did not have the latest version of SaveHollywood on the site. Please let me know if you need any further assistance with this. That worked for me on macOS Monterey (12.0.1). Select all the videos you want to include and click "Add". Once your video files are in that folder, go back to the settings panel of the SaveHollywood screensaver, click and navigate to the Shared/SaveHollywood folder. Then, copy any video files that you want to have the screensaver play over to that folder. In this folder, I would suggest you create a new folder called something like "SaveHollywood". You're now in the Shared folder, which is meant to be used to share files among multiple users of a Mac (every user has access to it). There, enter "/Users/Shared" and hit the Enter key on your keyboard. You can do so by clicking "Go" in the menu bar at the top of a Finder window, and then choosing "Go to Folder". Open the Finder and navigate to the Shared folder on your Mac. The problem is that macOS does not permit the screensaver to access video files in your personal folders. Actually, according to the screensaver's developer, this has to do with changes made to macOS by Apple since Catalina. No secret, there seems to be a bug there. I'm running Big Sur on a MacBook Pro laptop. Is there some secret to activating a video? I've tried this was mp4 and mov files. When I select it and hit the to add a video, and highlight the video I want to use, nothing happens when I hit "OKAY". I've installed SaveHollywood screensaver. ![]() ![]() If you have softer hands it may be advisable to wear gloves or toughen them up. I will say the jumping can cause hotspots with hard use but it does give great traction. However it has now seen extensive use doing everything from cardboard recycling to trimming branches and game preparation. I loved the shape and feel of the knife but it languished in the bedside draw. My PM2 was my go to knife for outdoors pocket carry. I bought this knife from HH a while ago, maybe 3 years from the date of this review and it saw very little in the way of use for a good year & a half. The customer service from HH is top notch, Nick was really helpful. Although it’s big I would happily EDC this knife if it wasn’t for our UK laws. The knife also has a large lanyard pipe to protect various types of cords or thongs.Ībsolutely love this knife! It’s a nice big solid folder, and great quality as you would expect from spyderco. The liners serve a double purpose by adding rigidly and lightweight strength to the handle.Ī three-screw clip can be positioned ambidextrously, tip-up for comfort and pocket carry. This feature keeps the knife from slipping out in the hand and works well with gloves. The liners inside the G-10 handle extend beyond the scales, creating a scalloped pattern around the handle’s perimeter for additional grip. The jimping texture continues from the blade’s spine to the full-length skeletonized steel liners. The blade is CPM-S30V, ground full-flat and features jimping above the oversized 14mm Spyderco Round Hole. When opened, the ball bearing moves forward onto the blade’s ramp where it is wedged, locking the blade safely open. The lock is comprised of a free-floating steel ball-bearing encased in a high-tech polymer cage. ![]() The blade is locked open using Spyderco’s patented Ball Bearing Lock. The large Spyderco Manix 2 XL is an oversized version of the Manix 2 with a blade that is just under four-inches. ![]() We hope you enjoyed learning about Morse Decoder Pro. ![]() This Pro version also includes support for some International alphabet characters. This is useful if you miss some code because the settings (audio frequency, WPM, and level) were not yet set for the signal you desire to decode. In addition to the features of the regular HotPaw Morse Code Decoder, this Pro vesion of the HotPaw Morse Code Decoder also includes a RePlay function, which pauses recording and re-decodes tha previous 1 minute of audio input using the current manual settings. A Histogram of the tone signal levels with a marker for the detection threshold level are displayed next to the waveform graph. The iPad version also includes a switch to enable manual threshold control. On the iPhone or iPod Touch, tap to the left of the waveform graph to switch the manual threshold slider on and off. But you can also manually control the threshold setting. Also, please use the manual settings if automatic decoding does not adjust to the frequency, WPM or background noise threshold level.īy default, the threshold (the signal level above any background noise required to detect a dot or dash) is set automatically by the AGC. So make sure to aim your iPhone so the the tones show up in the spectrum display. Please note that it is easy to mis-aim an iPhone's microphone so that its noise cancelling microphone will cancel out any Morse Code tones. (QRQ mode also supports higher frequency dot-dash tones.) There is a QRQ High Speed WPM Mode which will work better for code speeds in the range of 30 to 80 WPM. You can also manually set the WPM code speed using the plus and minus symbols that appear in the waveform graph, or the slider control on an iPad. ![]() ![]() One the iPhone, tap the lock button to the right of the waveform graph to lock and unlock automatic WPM detection. The Morse code WPM (words per minute) detection speed is automatically adaptive from about 8 to 40 WPM, and can be locked to the current estimated WPM dot speed (WPM lock icon locked). On the iPhone, tap the lock button to the right of the spectrum graph to toggle the filter off and on. Tap the spectrogram to set the audio filter to the frequency of a selected frequency peak. The filter can also be left off in a wide-band mode (frequency lock icon unlocked). If the audio filter is enabled (frequency lock icon locked), it can be set for frequencies in the range of 400 to 1400 Hz. You can then use the optional narrow-band audio filter to help filter out background noise. The Morse Code Decoder includes a built-in spectrogram to help determine the audio frequency of the Morse Code tones. Decoding parameters that can be manually adjusted include the audio frequency of an optional narrow-band DSP filter, the WPM dot/dash speed used for detecting characters, the threshold level of background noise, and whether Farnsworth timing is to be used for detecting spaces between individual characters. It includes both automatic decoding of longer clean signals and manual controls to allow the decoding of more difficult signals in QRM. The HotPaw Morse Code Decoder takes audio input from the microphone or headset input on your iPhone or iPad, decodes Morse Code, and displays the results in text form. Translate Morse Code or CW audio to text. WindowsDen the one-stop for Utilities Pc apps presents you Morse Decoder Pro by HotPaw Productions. ![]() Away from home, these two will enjoy their time alone as well as spending time taking in the local cultures and cuisines, sharing their enviable lifestyle on social media. Trips to various destinations will be another favorite pastime. These two will likely enjoy lots of time entertaining close friends and continually expanding their social circles. Libra is enamored with Gemini’s quick wit, and Gemini loves Libra’s engaging personality. Libra is a sign ruled by Venus, sexual, sensual and seductive, while Gemini is ruled by Mercury, having no sexual or emotional wisdom. Libra and Gemini are a perfect astrological match. This is a match made in heaven as long as they’re on the same page and even when they’re not, they enjoy the debate and the spark it creates. ![]() In turn, Gemini can show the more-refined Libra how to lighten up and occasionally enjoy being a little less conventional. Their social calendar is often full, and behind closed doors, Libra will set the mood for romance and show Gemini how to savor the moment. These two will likely never run out of things to chat about, covering every topic from A to Z and all the letters in between. As Air signs, Libra and Gemini are both social creatures who take the phrase, “the more, the merrier” to the next level. When two Air signs meet, it’s almost guaranteed that they’ll be drawn to one another. However, it’s vital that they maintain their individuality, for themselves and the sake of the relationship. Libra and Gemini are located four signs apart on the zodiac wheel, an indication that this is one harmonious relationship that’s meant to last. There may be a few disagreements along the way, but these two can enjoy makeup sessions that last longer than the original argument. Gemini adds their communicative language of love, whispering sweet nothings and naughty notions in Libra’s ear. Romantically, Libra is the master of setting the mood – candles, music and romantic treats. Their biggest problem might come when these two indecisive creatures have to figure out where to go first, but once they arrive, the fun begins. The most significant and positive aspect of this relationship may be that both Gemini and Libra may have open communication and an enjoyable conversation between them. Both Libra and Gemini are social butterflies with an innate desire to get out and see the world through travel. The Gemini and Libra compatibility may enhance over time, and the Libra Gemini couples can become even perfect examples for others. Libra is indeed more commitment minded than Gemini, but this just may be the partner Gemini needs to stay perpetually interested. They see each other as a perfect match, and so does everyone else. As both of them are lavish people, they need to be careful with their funds and money.Libra and Gemini are among the few couples in astrology with a robust and natural affinity for one another. Apart from the love and romance in this love relationship, there is also high compatibility in this relationship. Libra man is capable of easily impressing her with his romantic nature and she also likes him for his romantic gestures. Gemini woman is an independent and a smart woman. This love couple is very sophisticated and always hopes for an expensive lifestyle. Although they are such a good pair, they are not very good decision makers.Ĭompatibility of Gemini Woman and Libra Man ![]() She easily falls for his extrovert character and smart physical appearance. And Gemini man uses his magic spell of wit and charm to attract the Libra woman. She brings a meaning to their lives and keeps it alive. Libra woman showers her passionate love to her partner. The horoscope match and the astrology compatibility for this couple are too good. This couple will have fun filled and trilling life together.Ĭompatibility of Gemini Man and Libra Woman A Gemini is so lucky to have such a passionate partner. This couple will never have any serious arguments on anything in life. Both of them are good at reading the minds of their partner and there will no need for talking. ![]() They can handle any situation together smoothly. The Love compatibility level is so high than any other match couple. A Gemini and a Libra share a great understanding between each other. For additional information, please contact Kestra IS Compliance Department at 84. Not all products and services referenced on this site are available in every state and through every representative or advisor listed. Therefore, a response to a request for information may be delayed. Registered Representatives of Kestra IS and Investment Advisor Representatives of Kestra AS may only conduct business with residents of the states and jurisdictions in which they are properly registered. This site is published for residents of the United States only. Kestra IS and Kestra AS do not provide tax or legal advice. oXYGen Financial is not affiliated with Kestra IS or InvestmentĪdvisory services offered through Kestra Advisory Services, LLC (Kestra AS), anĪffiliate of Kestra IS. ![]() Securities offered through Kestra Investment Services, LLC (Kestra IS), member FINRA/ SIPC. What Gen X/Y Want | Ted Sits Down With The Wall Street Journal Live If you don’t, you could just fly right into a pipe and crash! Hindsight is always 20/20, so when the prices of what you can sell are high that should be your red alert signal to unload. Remember when we all thought that we’d never see a Twinkie made again? To be a savvy investor in any economy, you can’t get emotional about what you own irrespective of whether it’s collectible wine, art, or automobiles. We’ve seen these types of short term phenomenon before over the past several years. If you hold on to the phone for too long, it’s entirely possible that the value of the phone will be worth exactly what it is today which is the value of what you have stored in the phone. If you bought your phone in the $200 to $300 range, you could make 5x to 10x your money by unloading your mobile phone now while the Flappy Bird Economy is scorching hot. ![]() I have seen several actually sell already for the $1,500 to $2,000 range online. The real winners when it comes to making money can determine the right time is to take your profit off the table.Ĭurrently, there are offers on websites such as eBay to buy a fully loaded Flappy Bird phone for as much as $16,000. For those that enjoy making money, it’s up to you whether this law will end up having a short term shelf life or a long term shelf life. When people die, products get discontinued, or collectibles such as wine or art have limited production, the law of supply and demand instantaneously kick into action. Some say that the pipes had the same likeness as Mario Brothers, and there were already copy cats being built such as Flappy Bee. I cannot take this anymore.” There was massive speculation around why he took down Flappy Birds as it was reported he was making $50,000 a day. “I am sorry ‘Flappy Bird’ users, 22 hours from now, I will take ‘Flappy Bird’ down. The game is incredibly addicting!ĭong Nguyen mysteriously put this post up on Twitter on February 8th 2:02 P.M. ![]() Just touch the screen to flap your bird up or down guiding the bird between various heights of piping that have a narrow entryway for your bird to fly through. Consider apps like Tetris or Candy Crush or Angry Birds which absolutely killed it with downloads. Sometimes the simpler the game is, the better off it does because anybody can play the game. If you have kids or teenagers in your family, then it’s likely you have seen the highly downloaded app called Flappy Bird. ![]() To make a heap sort algorithm, we must create a heap of the array first. The largest/smallest element is at the root of the heap, depending on the way you sorted it.Heap Sort uses a heap data structure.Ī heap is a complete binary tree. Heap Sort is one of the best sorting methods being in-place and with no quadratic worst-case complexity. Insertion doesn't perform well when close elements are far.Shell Sort has average-case and best-case complexity of O(n*log(n)).Shell Sort has worst-case complexity less or equal than O(n2).The performance of the shell sort depends on the type of sequence used for a given input array. The interval between the elements is gradually decreased based on the sequence used. With this algorithm, the array is sorted at a specific interval based on the chosen sequence. Shell Sort is a variation of Insertion Sort. Input is uniformly distributed over a range.It occurs when elements are randomly distributed in the array. It can even be better if the array is already sorted. It occurs when the elements are uniformly distributed in the buckets with a nearly equal number of elements in each bucket. Also, it can be even worse when an inappropriate sorting algorithm is used to sort elements in the buckets. It occurs when elements in the same range are put in the same bucket, resulting in more elements in some buckets than others. Bucket Sort algorithm has the worst-case complexity of O(n2).extend ( left or right ) break return result append ( right ) rightIndex += 1 if leftIndex = len ( left ) or rightIndex = len ( right ): result. append ( left ) leftIndex += 1 else : result. While ( len ( result ) < totalLen ): #Perform the required comparisons and merge the two parts If not len ( left ): return left if not len ( right ): return right result = leftIndex = 0 rightIndex = 0 totalLen = len ( left ) + len ( right ) # #meaning that it's an individual item and it's already sorted. It means that this is an individual item and is already sorted.""" #We make sure the right/left side is not empty Print ( "The left side is: ", left ) print ( "The right side is: ", right ) merged = merge ( left, right ) print ( "Merged ", merged ) return merged def merge ( left, right ): """When left side/right side is empty, Left = mergeSort ( data ) right = mergeSort ( data ) # Merge the two sorted parts into a larger piece. Into individual parts""" if len ( data ) < 2 : return data middle = len ( data ) // 2 # We break the list in two parts Wikipediaĭef mergeSort ( data ): """This function determines whether the list is broken Finally, all the elements are sorted and merged. First divide the list into the smallest unit (1 element), then compare each element with the adjacent list to sort and merge the two adjacent lists. The sorting and merging continue until the entire dataset is again a single piece.Īn example of a merge sort. It then merges the pieces in a manner that ensures that it has sorted the merged piece. The sort begins by breaking the dataset into individual pieces and sorting the pieces. It occurs when the pivot element is always the middle element or near to the middle element.Ī Mergesort works by applying the divide and conquer approach. The best-case and average-case complexity are O(n*log(n)).It occurs when the pivot element picked is always either the greatest or the smallest element. QuickSort has worst-case complexity of O(n2).I also provided solutions for each algorithm written in Python, however, if you want to challenge yourself, try it on your own before check it.□īubble sort a simple sorting algorithm that works by swapping the items between them if they are in the wrong order.Įnter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This section focus on explaining each algorithm: the concept, the complexity, and the use cases. Even if there is a lot of methods to sort data, some of them are better than others, some are more efficient for specific usages.ĭepending on the method ( recursion, iteration, comparisons ) or the data structures used, you can have a lot of possibilities. When working with data, sorting is one of the essentials tasks. ![]() I think that you got the point, so let's dive in. If you are a programmer or if you have already been interviewed for a job, then you surely know the importance of knowing and mastering algorithms in order to increase your coding level or have a chance to get hired.Įven if they may seem easy, they can really become tricky.Īnd that's why you should practice a lot.Īlgorithms are made to be practiced, not learned. In this post, I am going to show you common sorting algorithms and provide their implementation in python. Happy hour from 4:00pm to 8:00pm includes a Wine Down Wednesday special-for $17 guests can get a flight of 3 wines and a choice of an individual cheese board or $4 off an entree from the dinner menu. Happy hour from 5:00pm to 7:00pm (at the bar only) includes $5 select beers, $7 select glasses of wine, $8 rotating local craft cocktails, $9 "distillery of the month" cocktail of your choice, $2 oysters, and $3-$15 select bites. Happy hour from 4:00pm to 6:00pm includes 2-for-1 beers, half off well drinks, and $5 Fireball shots. Happy hour from 4:00pm to 6:00pm includes $8 martinis, $5 wines, and $1.75-$5 select bites. Happy hour from 5:00pm to 7:00pm includes $5 craft drafts, $6 well drinks, $6 wines, $5 bubbles by the glass, $25 select bottle of bubbles, and $9-$10 snacks. Happy hour from 5:00pm to 6:00pm includes $1.75 oysters, $7-$12 bites, $5-$6 select wine, $3 select brew, and a $9 cocktail. Happy hour from 4:00pm to 6:00pm (bar/lounge area only) includes $6 snacks, $3 ice chest favorites, $4 draft beers, $5 house wines, and $8 draft & frozen cocktails. Happy hour from 3:00pm to 6:30pm includes discounted bites and beverages. Happy hour from 3:00pm to 7:00pm includes half off signature cocktails and half off appetizers. Wednesday specials all day include 2-for-1 craft beer. Happy hour from noon to 4:00pm includes $2 off all draft full pours of Bearded Iris beer. Serving meaty kabobs, pork skewers, and, yes, Korean fare, it’s one of those inviting bars for after work or on the weekends. Happy hour from 4:00pm to 6:00pm includes $5 cocktails, $2 off draft beer, and 2-for-1 domestic cans. The unpretentious neighborhood watering hole is a wonderfully weird gem in Tower Grove South, where happy hour is from 3:307 p.m. Happy hour from 2:00pm to 8:00pm includes select drink specials. Happy hour from 4:00pm to 7:00pm includes $5 draft beer, $5 specialty cocktails, $5 mocktails, and $25 pitchers of select cocktails. Wednesday specials all day include $4 select pints until the keg is finished. Happy hour from 4:00pm to 6:00pm includes $1 off all drafts. Happy hour from 5:00pm to 6:00pm includes $2 off all draft full pours of Bearded Iris beer. Happy hour from 4:00pm to 6:00pm (at the bar only) includes $8 cocktails, $6 well cocktails, $7 wines, $5 draft beers, $5-$9 appetizers. Late night happy hour from 10:00pm to close includes 2-for-1 drafts, 2-for-1 bottles, and $8 select bites. Happy hour from 3:00pm to 6:00pm includes $8 select bites. Happy hour from 4:00pm to 7:00pm includes $8 select wine and $8 select martinis. Happy hour from 3:00pm to 7:00pm includes 2-for-1 beers, 2-for-1 double pour house wine, 2-for-1 single liquor drinks, $2 off beer, $2 off house wine, and $2 off single liquor drinks. Happy hour all day includes 2-for-1 beers and $2 off beer of the month. Happy hour from 5:00pm to 7:00pm includes discounted drink specials. Happy hour from 4:00pm to 6:00pm includes $2 off seasonal cocktails and $7 Sapporo and spicy edamame. Nashville's best happy hours for Wednesday Among the three systems, the central executive system controls attention and information flows to and from the phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad, which separately buffer the verbal-acoustic and visual material. According to a multi-component model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch, working memory could be divided into an attention control system, the central executive, and two modality-based temporary storage systems, the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad. Working memory involves the temporary storage and manipulation of information that is assumed to be necessary for a wide range of complex cognitive activities such as reasoning, comprehension and learning. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: This work was supported by the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 60931003), the Funds for International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 61210001), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 61071178). Received: Accepted: JPublished: August 27, 2013Ĭopyright: © 2013 Zhang et al. PLoS ONE 8(8):Įditor: Michelle Hampson, Yale University, United States of America These findings provide preliminary evidence that working memory performance can be improved through learned regulation of activation in associated brain regions using rtfMRI.Ĭitation: Zhang G, Yao L, Zhang H, Long Z, Zhao X (2013) Improved Working Memory Performance through Self-Regulation of Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation Using Real-Time fMRI. Between-group comparison of behavioral changes showed that the increase of digit span in the experimental group was significantly greater than that in the control group. Pre- and post-training behavioral tests indicated that performance of the digit span and letter memory task was significantly improved in the experimental group. After two rtfMRI training sessions, activation in the left DLPFC was significantly increased, whereas the control group that received sham feedback did not show any increase in DLPFC activation. In the present study, we employed the rtfMRI technique to train subjects to up-regulate the activation in the left DLPFC, which is linked to verbal working memory. The recently emerged real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) technique enables the individuals to acquire self-control of localized brain activation, potentially inducing desirable behavioral changes. However, it is unclear whether the activation in the DLPFC can be self-regulated and whether any self-regulation can affect working memory behavior. Previous studies have shown that the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays a critical role in working memory and that behavioral training of working memory can alter the activity of DLPFC. Is Working Memory Capacity Task Dependent? Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 127-154.Working memory is important for a wide range of high-level cognitive activities. Dependent measures are calculated for the math portion as well as the letter recall portion of the experiment. The real trials work similarly to the last practice trials except feedback is not provided to participants. After a certain length of letters are presented, the participant is asked to recall the series of letters. A series of math problems are presented alongside a series of letters. The last practice is a combination of the two previous practices. The participant must decide whether the answer presented is True or False. Once the participant computes the answer, a True or False option is presented on the screen with either the correct or incorrect answer. A random multiplication and either math or subtraction (e.g., (3*2) + 1) is shown to a participant. The second practice tests a participant’s ability to mentally compute math problems. Responses are made by the participants using SlideButtons. Two or Three randomly selected letters are shown to the participant. The first practice tests a participant’s ability to recall a series of letters. A series of 3 practices Procedures occurs before the real trials begins. The Operation Span Task (Turner and Engle, 1989) is a test of working memory in participants.ĭuring this experiment, participants are asked to memorize a series of letters presented while mentally computing math problems. Experiment Author: Psychology Software Tools, Inc. |